ST BENET'S GATEHOUSE (BEFORE THE MILL WAS BUILT).Moving from the Dark Ages into the medieval period, documentary evidence takes precedence over archaeological evidence. It is not possible to detail the entire history of Happing during the medieval period due to lack of space. Therefore, the following only provides a very brief outline of some of the major medieval families and manors within Happing.
ST BENET'S GATEHOUSE (BEFORE THE MILL WAS BUILT).
ST JAMES HOSPITAL IN HORNING. 
THE ARMS OF ST BENET OF HOLME (20).
Early in the rein of Henry II (1154-1189) there was a complaint by the Abbot of St Benet of Holme to the Bishop of Norwich that 'malefactors have bodily removed our church at Ranworth', presumably it was a timber-framed church of an early date. During the 1100s, the Abbey founded a Hospital (St James) in Horning and a licence to enclose the Abbey with battlements was granted in 1327. An early engraving of the medieval gatehouse (above) displays the arms of the de Clare, Staplton and either Vaux or Warrin families. St Benet's Abbey was the only Abbey in England not dissolved by King Henry VIII and the Bishops of Norwich still remain the Abbots (1).
DE STALHAM FAMILY ARMS OR CREST - COLOURS UNKNOWN (21).
The de Stalham family of Stalham are first noted between 1100 and 1135 when Ralph de Stalham held lands in Stalham (2). The main manor of the de Stalham family was Stalham Hall. Sir William de Stalham released his right to the advowson (income) from Stalham church to the Abbot of St Benet in 1249 (3). In 1290, the Rector of Stalham church (Opizo de Castellis) complained to the Bishop that the Abbot of St Benet had told the Bishop that he had died some 20 years previous and in that time had presented his own men as Rectors and had taken all dues for himself, which amounted to 500 marks (4). Stalham church is dedicated to St Mary, the Nave dates between c1290 & c1350 and the Chancel was rebuilt in 1886. There is a brass to an unknown Civilian and his wife, dated c1460. The current Stalham Hall dates to c1670 (5). Jeffery de Stalham was a Bailiff of Great Yarmouth in 1340, 1345 and 1347 (6). During the reign of Richard I Stalham was held by the Ingham family from whom it went into the hands of the Stapleton family of Ingham (7).
LE PARKERS FAMILY ARMS (22).
The le Parker family of Brumstead and Eccles are first noted in 1236 when John le Parker held a half knight's fee in Eccles (8). Eccles was a fishing port in the early 1300s (9), which suggests that the le Parkers family were merchants or traders. The moat that surrounded the le Parker's manor in Brumstead still exists (including water and medical leeches Hirudo Medicinalis) in a wood about 500m south of the church. However, their manor in Eccles is now lost, probably due to coastal erosion, although an Eccles manor was leased to Thomas Woodhouse for 99 years in 1592 (10). Brumstead church is dedicated to St Peter, the Nave dates from the early 14th century and the Chancel was cut short in 1827 (11). William le Parker had right of wreck (anything deposited on the beach) in Eccles in 1268 & 1272 (12), anyone washing their nets on the beach owed him 100 herrings per annum (9), he could hold a court at Eccles at his will and he had the liberty of a gallows (8&9). William le Parker also had the right of Bedgeld (9), which is the right of a certain bed or the price, according to the status of the person to be married and presumably dates back to the 'right of first night' introduced by the Normans. He also had the right of Herdershift where the tenants elected a Shepherd to look after the lord's sheep every year - for free (9). After rowing twice with the major English Barons about the government of the kingdom, King Edward II went to France in 1313 and was accompanied by (a) Sir William le Parker of Brumstead and his son (12). However, it is not known where Sir William's sympathies lay, with the King or the Barons. In 1378 William le Parker (possibly the son of the William above) sold the manor of Brumstead and the manor of Eccles to Simon de Walcote, Rector of Walcote (13) and in 1382 he bought Brumstead back from Hugh Falstof and Robert Caly (14). The reason behind these sales is unclear but maybe connected with the Peasant's Revolt. Eventually the Brumstead manor passed to the de Egain family by marriage as there were no male le Parker heirs (15), but in 1438 the Rector of Smallburgh left it to the male heirs of the surviving daughters of William le Parker (16). Sir Henry Parker of Happisburgh is noted in the early 1500s (17), a Matthew Parker, son of William le Parker of Worstead, became the Archbishop of Canterbury in the 1500s (18) and a Thomas Parker of Stalham is noted in 1607 (19).
DE ECCLES FAMILY ARMS (23).
The de Eccles family of Eccles is first noted in 1220 when Alan de Eccles held 16 acres of land in Eccles from William de Estre. In 1316 the Nomina Villarum (a list of tax payers) notes William le Parker and William le Gerner only as the only lords of Eccles (25), this suggests that the manor no longer existed (possibly consumed by the sea) or that it had left the de Eccles family. By 1350 a Reginald de Eccles had his main manor in Billockby in Flegg (26), he was a lawyer of some eminence and owned a house in Fishergate, Norwich (27). In 1360 Reginald de Eccles was a special benefactor and founder of the Priory of Ingham (26). By 1580 Eccles was a port with shipping over 16 tons (28).
DE ENGAIN FAMILY ARMS (24).
The de Engain family of Brumstead and Walcott is first noted in 1404 when Thomas de Engain married Margaret, daughter of John Ellis of Great Yarmouth (29). In 1405, he passed the manor of West Hall to Lord Willoughby and hence West Hall was united to East Hall in Walcott (30). His sons, William and Peter, married the daughters and heirs of the le Parkers family and so gained the le Parker's manor in Brumstead (31).
POSSIBLE DE WALCOTT FAMILY ARMS (24).
The de Walcott family is first noted in East Hall in Walcott between 1154 & 1189 when Maud de Walcott granted lands to Bromholm Priory in Bacton (32). In 1286, the family held lands in Eccles, Hempstead, Palling and Stalham (10). The church is dedicated to All Saints, dates from the middle 1300s and the Font is 13th century (33). In 1340, West Hall was held by Sir Walter de Walcott (34). The last note of the family in Walcott was in 1377 with Sir Alexander de Walcott (34).
DE INGHAM FAMILY ARMS (35).
The de Ingham family of Ingham is first noted in 1183 with (an) Oliver de Ingham (39). John de Ingham frequently attended King Edward I in his wars in Scotland and his son, Baron Oliver de Ingham also preformed military service in Wales in 1281 and Scotland in 1310 & 1314. Baron Oliver de Ingham was governor of Ellesmere Castle in Shropshire. In 1324 he was Sheriff of Norfolk and in 1325 he was made governor of Aquitaine in France and later governor of Gascony in France. He was arrested in 1330 for supporting Roger Mortimer (who openly challenged King Edward II), but Oliver regained royal favour and was set free. In 1339 he defeated the French before Bordeaux, died in 1344 and is buried at Ingham. Sir Oliver de Ingham had two daughters and possibly a son, one daughter (Joan) married Sir Miles Stapleton, a knight of the garter (40).
STAPLETON FAMILY ARMS (36).
The Stapleton family of Ingham gained the manor of Ingham by the marriage of Miles and Joan. Sir Miles is noted as keeping Swans and Cygnets, presumably for food (41). In 1360 they established a college of Friars of the order of the Holy Trinity and St Victor to serve Ingham and Walcott. Originally it consisted of a Prior, a Scariest (who acted as Vicar and lived above the porch) and two brethren. The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity and was rebuilt in 1360, the Chancel dates from the 1340s and the Font is 13th century. There is a monument to Sir Oliver de Ingham and Lord & Lady de Boys, there was a brass of Sir Miles Stapleton and his wife (42).
SIR
MILES STAPLETON AND JOAN (NEE INGHAM) & JAKE THE DOG.
The main objective of the Trinitarian order was for the redemption of captives, especially those taken during the crusades as the Stapleton family had been connected with the crusades. The Order wore white robes with a Maltese cross in blue and red and all their possessions were to be divided into three. One part was for their subsistence, one part for the relief of the poor and one part for the redemption of captives (43). In 1363 they obtained permission from the King to enlarge their house and the original crossroads was altered to form the awkward junction that now exists by the Town House and Swan PH at Ingham.
BOYS FAMILY ARMS (38).
During the 1400s the Boys family had an interest in Ingham (44).
ORIGINAL CLOISTER WALLS OF INGHAM PRIORY.
By the 16th century there were six Cannons in addition to the Prior and Scariest but in 1534, William Woodhouse bought the property from the Trinitarians to stop its confiscation by Cromwell's commissioners. Part of the cloister wall can still be seen at the side of the church and forms the rear of the Swan P.H. Ingham is known to have had a medieval market that was out of use by the 17th century (45).
WOODHOUSE FAMILY ARMS (37).
Waxham originally consisted of two villages, Waxham Magna (St Johns) and Waxham Parva (St Margaret) and was held by the Ingham family in 1188 (who held court there in 1261), then by Sir Miles Stapleton and after by William Calthorpe who's grandson sold it to Sir Thomas Woodhouse (46). Waxham Parva is noted in the taxation of 1254 but no tax was levied and by 1607, catastrophic flooding appears to have washed away the last remnants of Little Waxham, or Waxham Mockbeggar (101). The Nave of St John's church (Waxham Magna) dates from Norman period with 13th century windows and the Chancel is in ruins. There is a monument to Thomas Woodhouse dated 1571. Waxham Hall has a 15th century Gatehouse and the Great Barn is 16th century - 1583/4 (47). Due to the easy access into Happing from the sea and due to the threat of invasion, a watch was kept at Happisburgh and Waxham in 1291 by 4 men (48). In 1437 there is a report by Walter Rye of the Duke of Burgundy and some Flemings invading Waxham. However, I can't collaborate this account. Sir William Woodhouse is said to have been the first man in England to use decoys for taking wild ducks (37). The Woodhouse family appears to have extended their lands in Happing at the dissolution of the monasteries. For example Sir William Woodhouse purchased Ingham priory (and its lands) in 1538, Hickling Priory in 1542 and his brother (Sir Thomas) bought Broomholme Priory in 1546 (100). This probably accounts for some of the fine medieval stonework contained in Waxham Barn. On the Gatehouse to Waxham Hall is a badly eroded coat of arms possibly depicting a lion passant that could be the Stapleton arms and so indicate that it came from Ingham Priory.
THE SEAL OF OGBOURNE USED FOR LESSINGHAM DOCUMENTS.
Lessingham was given to the Benedictine Abbey of Bec in Normandy around 1090 by Count Gerard de Gurney and run as a monastic grange (an outlying farm) by French monks (49). All the estates of Bec (including Lessingham) were under the control of the Proctor General in Ogbourne in Wiltshire. It was leased out to English landlords during the wars between England and France and bought back from the English crown after it was confiscated (twice). The church is dedicated to All Saints and dates from c1300; the Font is 13th century, the Dado screen has 12 painted Saints originally dating before 1400 (50). Lessingham was finally taken by the King in 1415 and in 1462 he granted it to Kings College, Cambridge (51).
Happisburgh was given to Ralph Guarder after the Conquest and then to Roger Bigot after Ralph rebelled against King William. When William d'Albini, the Kings Butler, married Maud, the daughter of Roger Bigot, they were given Happisburgh as part of her wedding portion. William founded Wymondham Priory and gave Happisburgh to the Prior. However, the local tenants refused to pay their dues to the Prior and William had to send troops to put down the rebellion (52). In 1248 Sir Godfrey de Melliers of Happisburgh was caught in the bedchamber of the daughter of Sir John Briton and was treated by him with the utmost cruelty and at length he was castrated. As a result, all of Sir Godfrey's estates were seized by the King (53). The church is dedicated to St Mary, the Tower stands 110 feet and the Chancery dates between c1290 and c1350 (54). In 1340 Crispin's Manor was held by Simon de Crispin (55). The Domesday survey notes the village of Wimpwell near Happisburgh but by the 1400s it had been incorporated into Happisburgh (56).
LUDHAM HALL.
Ludham church was given to by St Benet's Abbey in 1220 by the Bishop of Norwich (57). Originally there were three manors in Ludham. Bacons (now the Grange), Waltham (or Walton) Hall and Ludham grange (now Ludham Hall farmhouse). Ludham Hall became the Palace of the Bishop of Norwich and during this time an old manuscript reports that a 'Dragon' or 'Lizard with wings, covered in scales and with a mouth filled with teeth' was seen around the church. This story could be connected with an earlier one regarding a Dragon and St Benedict called 'The Legend of the Seal' (58). The church is dedicated to St Catherine, the tower dates from the 14th century and it has a Poor Box that is thought to be 15th century. Inside the Chancel is a 15th century painting of the Crucifixion. The later Ludham Hall was Jacobean in date and abutted a 17th century Chapel that burnt down in 1611 (59). There may have been a family of this name (de Ludham) as in 1286 a Robert de Ludham (one of the justices of the Jews) was put out of office and committed to prison for a breach of trust or falsity (57). It is considered that the river at Ludham would have been too wide and deep for a bridge before medieval times although with the early place names of 'Upper Street' in Horning and 'Johnson Street' in Ludham there may have been a Roman or Anglo-Saxon river crossing (60).
POSSIBLE TOMB OF THE DAUGHTER OR WIFE OF THEOBALD DE VALOINS.
In 1185 Theobald de Valoins founded the Augustine Priory at Hickling dedicated to St Mary, St Augustine and All Saints. Either his wife or daughter is possibly buried in Hickling church (61). Hickling church is dedicated to St Mary, the Tower & Chancel date from between c1290 & c1350. The later Hickling Hall was built around 1700 (62). In 1204 King John granted Hickling a licence to hold a Friday market and in 1227 King Henry III granted a licence to hold a three-day fair at Hickling on Oct 31st, 1st & 2nd November (63). Geoffrey de Hickling held Overhall manor in 1212 and the family also held Netherhall manor (63). In December 1287 a violent storm drowned over 100 people in Hickling when the water rose to over a foot above the alter in the Priory and by 1291 the Priory had possessions in 32 parishes in Norfolk. The Black Death of 1349 killed all but 2 of the Canons (64). The accounts of the Priory for 1513 exist and detail, among other things, 'Servants wages at Christmas, 70s 8d', 'To the Prior at Norwich in a party of pleasure, 2s' and payments to Overall Manor, Netherall & Paling Granges. At the dissolution of the monasteries the Priory was granted to Sir William Woodhouse (63). In 1565 a Park is noted in Ludham (63), but I'm not sure of its location.
Roger Bigot (Earl of Norfolk) held Sutton after the Conquest who leased it to Lord Montchensy in 1184. Sutton subsequently changed hands many times. In 1306 there is note of 500 acres of marsh and non-agricultural land between Sutton, Catfield, Ludham and (Potter) Heigham. The church is dedicated to St Michael, the Tower dates from the early 14th century and the Pulpit is Jacobean (65). Sutton had a charter dated 1324 for a market that was not in use by the 17th century (45) and in 1544 Thomas Alverede held Osmond Manor in Sutton (66).
(Potter) Heigham was held by St Benet's Abbey after the Conquest. In 1275 there is note of a fishery called Kindlos and in 1276 the Abbot had 'wreck at sea' (67). Presumably this refers to items washed up on the riverbank. The medieval bridge is thought to have been built in 1385 (68). Before this the river would probably have been too wide and deep for a bridge. The church is dedicated to St Nicholas, it has a round tower with a 14th century octagonal top, there is a Norman window within the Chancel plus a 13th century window. There are wall paintings within the aisles that appear to date from the 14th century (69). The prefix of 'Potter' may be due to a medieval pottery kiln found near the boundary with Catfield (70).
( Sea) Palling was originally held by the lords of Hempstead. In 1235 there was an agreement between (an) Oliver de Ingham and the Abbot of St Benet of Holme regarding right of wreck between the Wenkell dyke (the Hundred boundary - the old course of the river Thurne) and Palling cross (location unknown). In 1353 the Prior of Hickling purchased this manor. In 1579 there is note of a tree called the Mark tree between Eccles & Palling and a Headless cross by the Wenkell dyke when it was sold to Nathaniel Bacon of Stiffkey (71). The church is dedicated to St Margaret, the Chancel contains a Piscina dated between c1290 & c1350 and the Font is 14th century (72). The route via the causeway connecting Ingham and Sea Palling that leads towards Waxham & Horsey stopped at Horsey up until the 19th century (73).
(East) Ruston appears to have been a large manor. The Baynard family held it until William Baynard rebelled against Henry I when it was given to Robert Fitz Gilbert. There was the manor of Burnell, originally held by Edward Lord Burnell in 1312 that changed hands at various times. The Kerdiston family had an interest in Ruston in 1222 with a manor called Netherhall or Kerdiston. In 1236 William de Vaux held Vaux manor in Ruston that finally was joined with the manor of Burnell (74). There is an odd reference in Rye's work on Happing referring to Sir William de Kerdiston obtaining a licence for a Monday Market and a licence make a castle of his manor of Claxton in 1341 (75). However, I can't collaborate this and I'm unsure if this actually relates to Ruston. The church is dedicated to St Mary, the Nave is 14th century and the tower originally had a spire (76).
Hempstead was held by the de Colekirk family soon after the Conquest and Bec Abbey in Normandy also held a large part of Hempstead (77). Hempstead church is dedicated to St Andrew and whilst the Chancel is late 16th century, the screen is 14th century (78).
CALTHORPE FAMILY ARMS (97).
Catfield was originally an annex of the manor of Sutton and the manor of Ludham also extended into Catfield. Walter de Calthorpe held Catfield in 1324 (79). Catfield church is dedicated to All Saints, the Tower is early 14th century, there are wall paintings over the arcades (including the stoning of St Stephen) and the Dado screen is painted with sixteen saints that have been defaced (80).
There appears to have been a family of de Horsey as a deed without date (approximately in 1200s) notes a Bond de Horsey being the lord of the manor (81). Horsey church is dedicated to All Saints; it has a round Tower base (of an early date) with a later octagonal top (82).
PILGRIMS BADGE FROM BROMHOLME PRIORY (BACTON).
William de Glanville founded the Cluniac Priory of Bromholm at Bacton dedicated to St Andrew in 1113. Initially it was not very successful but in 1223 it bought a cross that was reputedly made from the wood of the true cross from a travelling priest. Soon afterwards the Priory reported various miracles that attracted pilgrims (see pilgrim's badge) and gained them fame and wealth (83). In 1229 the Priory was granted a fair plus a Monday market and around 1313 King Edward II visited the Priory and granted it the manor of Bacton (84).
By the late 1000s and under the Bishop, Norfolk was divided into two archdeaconries, Norfolk and Norwich, and sub divided into deaneries. Happing is within the deanery of Waxham. To help pay for a crusade in the Holy Land, in 1254 a special tax was introduced called the Norwich Tax. For the parishes of Happing the figures are (98);
Brumstead £5 0d 0d (the Abbot of St Benet's portion was valued at 13s 4d).
Catfield £20 0s 0d .
Eccles £10 0s 0d.
Happisburgh £33 6s 8d (the vicarage paid £1 10s 0d)..
Hempstead £8 0s 0d.
Hickling £20 0s 0d (the vicarage paid 10s 0d).
Horsey £6 13s 4d.
Ingham £16 0s 0d (the Abbot of St Benet's portion was 13s 4d).
Lessingham £3 6s 8d (the Abbot of Bec's portion was valued at £4 9s 4d).
Ludham £26 13s 4d (the vicarage paid £5 6s 8d).
Palling £3 6s 8d (the monastary of Thetford's portion was valued at 10s 0d).
Potter Heigham £16 13s 4d (the Abbot of St Benet's portion was 4s 04d and the vicarage paid 10s 0d).
Ruston £30 0s 0d.
Stalham £16 13s 4d (the Abbot of St Benet's portion was 13s 4d).
Sutton £5 0s 0d (the Abbot of St Benet's portion was 13s 4d).
Walcott £16 13s 4d (the Prior of Bromeholm's portion was £1 0s 0d).
Waxham £8 0s 0d (the Abbot of St Benet's portion was 13s 4d). Little Waxham was nothing.
Between 1250 and 1350, manorial accounts from Lessingham suggest that the main agriculture in Happing was about 50% Barley, 20% Legumes, 15% Wheat and the remaining 15% was Rye, Oats and mixed grain. Livestock consisted of about 55% cattle, 30% sheep and the remaining 15% was horses, oxen and pigs (85). The Nomina Villarum was a list of lords in 1316 (86);
In overall charge of Happing was John de Clavering.
Brumstead - Robert Roose, William le Parker & William de Gerner held lordships.
Catfield - the Earl of Pembroch & the Abbot of St Benet held lordships.
Eccles - William le Parker & William le Gerner held lordships.
Happisburgh - the Prior of Wymondham, William de Milliers, Henry Cat, Gregory de Felmingham & William Alleyn held lordships.
Hempstead - the Prior of Ogbourne & John le Maunsell held lordships.
Hickling - the Earl of Pembroch, Robert de Ufford & Thomas de Hickling held lordships.
Horsey - the Earl of Pembroch & Mary & the wife of John de Ingham held lordships.
Ingham - Oliver de Ingham held the lordship.
Lessingham - the Prior of Ogbourne held the lordship.
Ludham & Heigham - the Earl of Pembroch & the Abbot of St Benet held lordships.
Palling - Thomas, Parson of Mautby & Simon de Felbrigg held lordships.
Ruston - William de Kerdestone, Burgha, the wife of William de Vaus & Lady de Burnell held lordships.
Stalham - the Earl of Pembroch, Robert de Uffoed & Thomas de Hickling held lordships.
Sutton - the Earl of Pembroch, William le Parker, Geoffrey With, Henry Rose, John de Lem & Nicholas de Salicibus held lordships.
Walcott - Peter Roscelyn & Alexander de Walcott held lordships.
Waxham - Mary, the wife of John de Ingham & John de Brampton held lordships.
In order to pay for another crusade in the Holy land, an assessment of tax was made of individual parishes in 1334, which gives an idea of the comparative wealth of those parishes and any changes since the Norwich Taxation of 1254. Note the huge assessment for East Ruston (87);
Brumstead £3 9d 0d.
Catfield £6 14s 0d.
Eccles £3 12s 0d.
Happisburgh £9 10s 0d.
Hempstead £4 3s 0d.
Hickling £8 18s 0d.
Horsey £2 8s 4d.
Ingham £3 14s 0d.
Lessingham £2 8s 0d.
Ludham £7 15s 0d.
Palling £2 4s 0d.
Potter Heigham £5 5s 0d.
Ruston £12 6s 0d.
Stalham £9 0s 0d.
Sutton £3 8s 0d.
Walcott £6 0s 0d.
Waxham £4 12s 0d.
The Black Death arrived in Norfolk in the spring of 1349 and spread up the river valleys from Yarmouth (88), suggesting that it arrived by ship and was spread by river craft. In the autumn of 1349, in Martham, the harvest brought in less than half the usual amount of corn (89). In January 1350, the manorial court at Lessingham wrote down that only 30 shillings tax was to be levied from the customary tenants, "because the greater part of those tenants who were wont to render tax had died in the previous year by reason of the deadly pestilence" (90). It has been estimated that at least half the tenants (and population) of Lessingham had perished due to the Black Death. Plague mortality was at least 55% at Martham (91) and at the manor of Runham near Martham, "all the tenants were reported dead" (92).
High inflation followed the Black Death as a result of the reduction in the population and the King responded by legally forcing wages down and imposing a Poll (or head) Tax. Needless to say this was very unpopular and in Happing there were rebellions in Hempstead, Brumstead, Ingham, Sutton, Catfield Ludham and Hickling (the so-called Peasant's Revolt). St Benet's Abbey and Bromholm Priory were attacked and documents were destroyed in June 1381 (93), along with the court rolls at Hickling Priory (94). Eventually the uprising of 1381 was crushed in Norfolk with a final confrontation between Bishop Despenser of Norwich and the rebels near North Walsham. In July of 1381, a commission was appointed to deal with the insurgents in Norfolk and Suffolk (95) and met at Hickling (amongst other places) to hold an enquiry into who was directly involved and who was innocent. There is evidence of the work of a Martham stonemason working between 1440 & 1470 working in Walcott and Ingham (96). Out of the 5 medieval moats known in Happing, two have been identified (so far); the le Parker's moat in Brumstead and the monastic grange belonging to Bec Abbey in Lessingham.
There are various medieval records relating to the digging of peat (Turbary) in and around Happing, which eventually resulted in the formation of the Broads (99);
Between 1153 & 1168, rights in Turbary in Baton Turf (Baton Broad) are noted in St Benet's Register.
Between 1154 & 1158, a Turbary between Hickling and Ludham (Hickling Broad?) is noted in St Benet's Register.
Between 1163 & 1168, rights in Turbary in Potter Heigham (Heigham Sound) are noted in St Benet's Register.
Between 1154 & 1158, rights in Turbary in Waxham (Thurne Broad?) are noted in St Benet's register.
In 1240, Turf sold for 2s 0d in Bastwick (Thurne Broad?) is noted in St Benet's Register.
In 1275, Appropriation of the church Turbary with tithes in Ranworth (Ranworth Broad) is noted in a Charter.
In 1335, 2 acres of turbary are noted in Bastwick (Thurne Broad) at an inquision at Burgh Vaux manor.
In 1383, Turf production at Ludham (Womack Water and/or Crome's Broad) is noted in St Benet's account roll.
Between 1410 & 1415, production of turf is noted in Barton (Barton Broad) in account rolls of Norwich Great Hospital.
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